Question 1 (5 points) Research into the mere exposure phenomenon finds that simple exposure between two groups of people is not enough to reduce…

Question 1
Research into the mere exposure phenomenon finds that simple exposure between two groups of people is not enough to reduce prejudice, but rather __________.
groups exposed to each other will be able to reduce prejudice as long as the reasons for their feelings are not actively discussed, thus preventing arguments that can lead to violence
groups will only reduce prejudice if they interact in a setting where negativity and prejudice are overtly and covertly discouraged, like in a church or temple
groups being exposed to those about whom they hold prejudice only serves to increase those tensions
groups working together in a cooperative manner helps reduce prejudice
__________ are considered to be lasting, while __________ are more transient, or temporary.
Idiographic traits; nomothetic states
States; traits
Traits; states
Nomothetic states; idiographic traits
Omar is walking through the shopping mall with three of his buddies, when all of the sudden they come across a curious scene. Four girls are verbally abusing a fifth girl, and it is clear that a physical altercation is about to occur. Omar stands quietly watching the scene, until two of his friends step in to try to break up the fracas. When they intervene, Omar steps in as well, providing greater assurance that a fight is not going to take place. In this case, Omar’s group of friends served as a __________ group for Omar’s behavior.
pressure
normative
Behavior that is carried out with the goal of helping others is called __________ behavior.
cooperative
altruistic
prosocial
One form of a self-fulfilling prophecy is called a stereotype __________, where people who are aware of a negative stereotype directed against them might perform down to the level of expectation that they believe exists about them.
threat
confirmation
Which of the following is an accurate limitation of all personality questionnaires?
The questions are more difficult for children to answer, and thus they cause us to over-pathologize kids.
The questions tend to be racially biased in favor of white individuals.
The questions tend to be transparent, so it is possible to present yourself differently than you actually are.
The questions favor male respondents and handicap female respondents.
Which of the following is not one of the conditions that influenced obedience in the Stanley Milgram experiment?
An intermediary bystander is present.
The participant is affected by normative and informational influence.
The victim is kept at a distance and is depersonalized.
the promise of an increased reward or incentive for increased obedience
The work of Solomon Asch showed how __________, or susceptibility to the opinions of others, can cause people to conform.
social inhibition
suggestibility
diffuse social boundaries
persuasiveness
The __________ effect refers to a person’s unconscious mimicry of other people’s expressions, behaviors, and voice tones.
chameleon
imitative
contagion
social influence
What is the purpose of a defense mechanism from the psychodynamic perspective?
make sure that we make rational decisions that are based on reason and logic
make sure that people who are negative and can have a negative effect on our lives are kept outside of our consciousness
keep unpleasant thoughts and motivations in our unconscious mind
keep us from developing psychological pathologies that can cause problems in our lives
What is the basic underlying reason why we tend to make attributional mistakes?
We generally do not pay enough attention to our surroundings, and thus miss essential information that would help us avoid attributional mistakes.
We generally are quick to assume the worst of intents in other people, so this leads us to attributional mistakes.
We are more concerned with getting an attribution made quickly than getting it made correctly, and this causes us to make mistakes.
We don’t have enough information to know why a person behaved as they did, so we make rapid assumptions.
Wendy is walking down the street when she suddenly falls down and lands squarely on her backside. A group of girls standing about fifty feet away start laughing hysterically, telling each other what a klutz that Wendy is. The unsympathetic girls in this group are making a(n. __________ attribution to explain why Wendy fell down.
situational
negative
dispositional
Social psychologist Leon Festinger coined the term cognitive __________ to refer to a disconnect between a person’s internal attitudes and his or her external behavior.
disproportionality
discontinuity
inattentiveness
dissonance
Which of the following factors is not related to an increased tendency to cooperate with others?
having no concern about damage to your own reputation
experiencing norms of fairness
feeling a high level of personal accountability
experiencing a shared identity with a group
Raymond Cattell, attempting to transform the first published list of personality descriptors, used a statistical technique called __________, which identifies correlations and common clusters in a larger group. These clusters were used to define Cattell’s theory of sixteen personality traits.
structural equation modeling
factor analysis
binomial linear regression
canonical correlations
Evelyn is in a particularly bad mood because the promotion that she’d hoped to receive at the bank where she works did not come through. When she gets home, and her children come running up to her with several demands, she yells at them to go in the other room and leave her alone. Evelyn’s outburst is explained by the __________ hypothesis.
frustration-aggression
mere exposure
conflict projection
reciprocal altruism
The fact that many American citizens don’t vote in the presidential election is often explained by the fact that individuals do not believe that their vote matters. They think that being just one vote in a nation of millions makes them unimportant. In a general way, this is an example of social __________.
loafing
diffusion
anomie
Annabelle was driving along when the car in front of her stopped suddenly. She stomped on the brake and avoided a collision by just a few inches. “Wow, it’s a good thing I’m such a good driver,” Annabelle thought. Sometime later, Annabelle was in an accident where she rear-ended a different vehicle. She told the officer, “Well, you see, it was dark and the road was wet. It was not possible for me to stop in time!” Annabelle’s different responses to her successful or failed attempt to avoid an accident demonstrates the __________.
self-serving bias
attractiveness bias
availability heuristic
Why is the concept of reciprocal altruism fundamentally paradoxical?
Because altruistic behavior – true altruistic behavior – has been found by research to be nonexistent since there is no action without a desire for reward.
Because the concept of expecting to be repaid for an altruistic action negates the altruistic characteristic of the action in the first place.
Because it is not possible for altruistic behaviors to be bidirectional. They can only go from one person to another, and cannot be “repaid.”
Because the human animal is incapable of engaging in distinctly cooperative behavior; research suggests that egoism is the norm for all actions.
The __________ approach to studying personality is a method of interpreting personality data that is variable-centered and focuses on finding consistent patterns of relationships among individuals’ traits.
idiographic
nomothetic
collectivist
individualistic