1. An activity index identifies the activity that has a causal relationship with a particular cost.

2. A variable cost remains constant per unit at various levels of activity.

3. A fixed cost remains constant in total and on a per unit basis at various levels of activity.

4. If volume increases, all costs will increase.

5. If the activity index decreases, total variable costs will decrease proportionately.

6. Changes in the level of activity will cause unit variable and unit fixed costs to change in opposite directions.

7. For CVP analysis, both variable and fixed costs are assumed to have a linear relationship within the relevant range of activity.

8. The relevant range of activity is the activity level where the firm will earn income.

9. Costs will not change in total within the relevant range of activity.

10. The high-low method is used in classifying a mixed cost into its variable and fixed elements.

11. A mixed cost has both selling and administrative cost elements.

12. The fixed cost element of a mixed cost is the cost of having a service available.

13. For planning purposes, mixed costs are generally grouped with fixed costs.

14. The difference between the costs at the high and low levels of activity represents the fixed cost element of a mixed cost.

15. When applying the high-low method, the variable cost element of a mixed cost is calculated before the fixed cost element.

16. An assumption of CVP analysis is that all costs can be classified as either variable or fixed.

17. In CVP analysis, the term “cost” includes manufacturing costs, and selling and administrative expenses.

18. Contribution margin is the amount of revenues remaining after deducting cost of goods sold.

19. Unit contribution margin is the amount that each unit sold contributes towards the recovery of fixed costs and to income.

20. The contribution margin ratio is calculated by multiplying the unit contribution margin by the unit sales price.

21. Both variable and fixed costs are included in calculating the contribution margin.

22. A CVP income statement shows contribution margin instead of gross profit.

23. The break-even point is where total sales equal total variable costs.

24. The break-even point is where total sales equal total variable costs.

25. The break-even point is equal to the fixed costs plus net income.

26. If the unit contribution margin is $1 and unit sales are 10,000 units above the break-even volume, then net income will be $10,000.

27. A target net income is calculated by taking actual sales minus the margin of safety.

28. Target net income is the income objective for an individual product line.

29. The margin of safety is the difference between sales at breakeven and sales at a determined activity level.

30. The margin of safety is the difference between contribution margin and fixed costs.

31. The activity level is represented by an activity index such as direct labor hours, units of output, or sales dollars.

32. The trend in most companies is to have more variable costs and fewer fixed costs.

33. For purposes of CVP analysis, mixed costs must be classified into their fixed and variable elements.

34. The contribution margin ratio of 40% means that 60 cents of each sales dollar is available to cover fixed costs and to produce a profit.

35. A cost-volume-profit graph shows the amount of net income or loss at each level of sales.

36. If variable costs per unit are 70% of sales, fixed costs are $290,000 and target net income is $70,000, required sales are $1,200,000.

37. The margin of safety ratio is equal to the margin of safety in dollars divided by the actual or (expected) sales.

Multiple Choice Questions

38. For an activity base to be useful in cost behavior analysis,

39. A variable cost is a cost that

40. A cost which remains constant per unit at various levels of activity is a

41. Two costs at Bradshaw Company appear below for specific months of operation. Which type of costs are these?

42. An increase in the level of activity will have the following effects on unit costs for variable and fixed costs:

43. A fixed cost is a cost which

44. Fixed costs normally will not include

45. The increased use of automation and less use of the work force in companies has caused a trend towards an increase in

46. Cost behavior analysis is a study of how a firm’s costs

47. Cost behavior analysis applies to

48. If a firm increases its activity level,

49. An activity index might be referred to as a cost

50. Cost activity indexes might help classify costs as

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